The effectiveness of biomechanical technology-based sports training models in improving elementary school students' motor skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59672/ijed.v6i3.5426Keywords:
Biomechanics, Long Jump, Motor Skills, Physical Education, Technology-Based Training Model, Technology in SportsAbstract
Fundamental motor skills are an essential foundation for the holistic development of elementary school students, influencing their health, self-confidence, and academic success. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of a Biomechanics-Integrated Technology-Based Sports Training Model (VAB-F) to improve elementary school students' long jump motor skills. This study employed a multidisciplinary design, utilising mixed methods and a sequential explanatory approach, with a quantitative stage in the form of a quasi-experiment (pre-test post-test control group design) involving 60 fifth-grade students from SDK Magepanda. The sample was randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Motor skills were assessed using a validated long jump technique quality assessment rubric, which was supplemented with biomechanical analysis through the Kinovea application and a Wearable Activity Tracker. The qualitative stage consisted of interviews with 6 students and 2 teachers. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a statistically significant increase in skill scores (an average increase of 29.70 points) compared to the control group (an average increase of 9.60 points), with the t-test results indicating a highly significant difference (t(58) = 15.23, p < 0.05). The qualitative results showed that the visual feedback technology encouraged independence, motivation, and intuition of student movement efficiency. It was concluded that the VAB-F training model was significantly more effective than traditional methods in improving the long jump motor skills of elementary school students.
Downloads
References
Aksović, N., Skrypchenko, I., Bjelica, B., Mohan Singh, R. R., Milanovic, F., Nikolic, D., & Zelenović, M. (2021). The influence of motor skills on the short sprint results. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(6), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0607
Aliriad, H., Da’i, M., Priadana, B. W., Wigantara, M. R., & Arifianto, M. R. (2025). Improving primary school children’s motor skills: A physical education approach using circuit games with auditory sequencing. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 6(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2025.vol6(1).19149
Au, W. W., Recchia, F., Fong, D. Y., Wong, S. H. S., Chan, D. K. C., Capio, C. M., Yu, C. C. W., Wong, S. W. S., Sit, C. H. P., Ip, P., Chen, Y. J., Thompson, W. R., & Siu, P. M. (2024). Effect of wearable activity trackers on physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Digital Health, 6(9), e625–e639.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00139-0
Azhari, A. B., & Galih Priyambada. (2025). Biomechanical analysis of shooting techniques using kinovea software in elementary school students. Journal of Sports Education Students, 6(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.55081/jumper.v6i1.4265
Baktiyaningsih, L., & Irawan, F. A. (2023). Analysis of the 1000 meter run in elementary school children of bina amal, semarang city: A review of sports biomechanics. Journal of SPORT (Sport, Physical Education, Organization, Recreation, and Training), 7(1), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.37058/sport.v7i1.6587
Beddoes, Z. E., & Sazama, D. S. (2024). Principal perceptions and applications of professional learning communities: Implications for the future of physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 43(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2022-0167
Bendo , A. , Agolli , L. , & Kasa , A. (2023). Analysis of biomechanical parameters on il_eo and 1l_ec tests on 10-14 year old players of tirana fc. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(3), 564–571. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110308
Cao, H., Hua, X., Yang, L., Aoki, K., Shang, S., & Lin, D. (2025). A systematic review of biomechanics of clear aligners by finite element analysis. In BMC Oral Health (Vol. 25, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06295-6
Citrawan, I. W., Widana, I. W., Sumandya, I. W., Widana, I. N. S., Mukminin, A., Arief, H., Razak, R. A., Hadiana, D., & Meter, W. (2024). Special education teachers’ ability in literacy and numeracy assessments based on local wisdom. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi, 8(1), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiituj.v8i1.32608
Cobb, B. R., Urban, J. E., Davenport, E. M., Rowson, S., Duma, S. M., Maldjian, J. A., Whitlow, C. T., Powers, A. K., & Stitzel, J. D. (2013). Head impact exposure in youth football: Elementary school ages 9-12 years and the effect of practice structure. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41(12), 2463–2473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0867-6
Çolak, Y., Gur, F., & Ayan, V. (2024). Examining the impact of sports and physical activities on basic motor skills in primary school children. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS.2024.726
Cui, J., Du, H., & Wu, X. (2023). Data analysis of physical recovery and injury prevention in sports teaching based on wearable devices. Preventive Medicine, 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107589
Curtis, L. M., Revelle, W., Waite, K., Wilson, E. A. H., Condon, D. M., Bojarski, E., Park, D. C., Baker, D. W., & Wolf, M. S. (2015). Development and validation of the comprehensive health activities scale: A new approach to health literacy measurement. Journal of Health Communication, 20(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.917744
Deshmukh, A. A., Vakil, S., Deshpande, M. S., & Dhote, P. R. (2025). Evaluation of lower extremity range of motion and muscle tightness in individual of age 18–20 years on performance of squat-to-stand and cross-legged sit-to-stand tests: A comparative-analytical study. Journal of Orthopaedic Reports, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorep.2024.100511
Donno , L. , France , C. , Motta , F. , LoMauro , A. , Gorla , C. , Scaccabarozzi , D. , Tarabini , M. , & Galli , M. (2025). Biomechanical insights into ski mountaineering: Kinematics and muscular activation in uphill movements. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031003
Fitri, R., Reza, M., & Ningrum, M. A. (2022). Learning readiness instrument: A non-test assessment to measure early childhood learning readiness from a neuroscience perspective. JP2KG AUD (Journal of Early Childhood Education, Care, Health and Nutrition), 1(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.26740/jp2kgaud.2020.1.1.17-32
Garbeloto, F., & Pereira, S. (2024). Infographic: Relationship between fundamental movement skills and sports skills. Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v18i1.441
Gumilar, A., Hakiki, F., Kusuma, B. A., Sumpena, A., Firmansyah, H., Yudiana, Y., & Fajrah Ilsya, M. N. (2023). Identification of basic manipulative movement skills throwing, catching, kicking, and trapping in children aged 15-16 years. Journal of Physical Education For Secondary Schools, 3(1), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpess.v3i1.82598
Hernawan, H., Widyawan, D., Mukhtar, M., Nugraha, H., & Haqiyah, A. (2024). Physical activities and sedentary time of students outdoor education and conventional education in primary schools. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(2), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1403090
Hu, Z., & Huang, Z. (2025). Biomechanical research on the construction and optimization of youth basketball training system based on the integration of sports and education. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb797
Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: from theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282260
Kozin, S. V. (2021). Biomechanical technology of injury prevention in the training of specialists in physical education and sports. Health, Sport, Rehabilitation, 7(2), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.34142/HSR.2021.07.02.06
Lang, S., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, P., Gou, X., Chen, Y., Li, C., & Zhang, H. (2025). Application of wearable insole sensors in in-place running: Estimating lower limb load using machine learning. Biosensors, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15020083
Li, Y., & Siriphan, C. (2023). Construction of a sensory integration physical education model to improve basic motor skills in primary schools. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews, 3(6), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2023.3640
Liang, X. (2025). Innovation of college physical education teaching and training mode based on mobile information technology of internet of things from a biomechanical perspective. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.62617/mcb799
Misjel, N. R., Jabbarb, A. S., Tuama, H. M., & Jabbard, H. S. (2022). Influence of dynamic training on the biomechanics and height of volleyball spike in young players. SPORT TK - Euro-American Journal of Sports Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.509461
Oktavianus, I., Gustian, U., & Triansyah, A. (2025). Unveiling current and future trends in the implementation of teaching games for understanding in primary school: A bibliometric analysis. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(1), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.23
Pantelidou, M., Błach, W., Rydzik, Ł., Ambroży, T., Lockhart, R., Angioi, M., Sokołowski, K., & Malliaropoulos, N. (2025). Video-biomechanical analysis of the shoulder kinematics of impact from sode-tsurikomi-goshi and tsurikomi-goshi judo throws in elite adult judoka. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031152
Qin, L., King Yan Ho, W., Xie, Y., Wang, J., Cheng, L., Liu, Z., Pan, L., & Khoo, S. (2024). The development and validation of a scale to assess perception of physical education among university students in china. Sage Open, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241228910
Sa, A., Elementary School Teacher, P., & Surabaya State, U. (2024).Application of biomechanics concepts to improve student learning outcomes in human movement systems learning at elementary school level.
Szabo-Alexi, P., PocsaI, I., & Szabo-Alexi, M. (2021). Optimizing the assessment of motor skills in 6th grade pupils through multimedia means. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(Special Issue 1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.13.Spec.Iss1.08
Widana, I. W., Sumandya, I. W., Citrawan, I. W. (2023). The special education teachers’ ability to develop an integrated learning evaluation of Pancasila student profiles based on local wisdom for special needs students in Indonesia. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(2), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.2.23
Ziaiee, M., Sadeghi, H., Karimi, M. T., & Rafiaei, M. (2025). Assessment of mandibular kinematic variables using a motion analysis system and a regular mobile phone. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, 15(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2210-1555
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Frederiksen Novenrius Sini Timba, Conchita Junita Chandra, Aschari Senjahari Rawe, Maria Angelina Fransiska Mbari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
