Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED)
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed
<p><strong>Journal title:</strong> Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED)<br /><strong>Initials:</strong> IJED<br /><strong>Abbreviation:</strong> IJED<br /><strong>Frequency:</strong> 4 issues per year (February, May, August and November)<br /><strong>International Indexing:</strong> <a href="https://app.dimensions.ai/auth/base/landing?redirect=%2Fdiscover%2Fpublication%3Fsearch_mode%3Dcontent%26search_text%3DIndonesian%2BJournal%2Bof%2BEducational%2BDevelopment%2B%2528IJED%2529%26search_type%3Dkws%26search_field%3Dfull_search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dimensions</a> | <a href="https://search.crossref.org/search/works?q=Indonesian+Journal+of+Educational+Development+%28IJED%29&from_ui=yes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crossref</a> | <a href="https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?hl=id&authuser=2&user=cwol9n0AAAAJ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Scholar</a><br /><strong>DOI:</strong> <a href="https://search.crossref.org/?from_ui=&q=10.59672%2Fijed" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.59672/ijed</a><br /><strong>ISSN:</strong> <a href="https://issn.brin.go.id/terbit/detail/1587546208">2722-1059 (online)</a> | <a href="https://issn.brin.go.id/terbit/detail/1589764366">2722-3671 (print)</a><br /><strong>Editor in Chief:</strong> Prof. Dr. I Wayan Widana, S.Pd., M.Pd<br /><strong>Publisher:</strong> Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas PGRI Mahadewa Indonesia in collaboration with PB PGRI (<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/14-piVyGZdP7xBdppa1MAFyK4qJZ9VtmZ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MoU No: 400/UPMI/III/2021 & 268/Um/PB/XXII/2021</a>)</p> <p>Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED) has been accredited <strong>SINTA 2</strong> by the <strong>Decree of the Director General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology</strong> decision Number <strong>0173/C3/DT.05.00/2025, March 21, 2025 which is effective from Volume 4 Number 4 February 2024</strong>. Contains English writing originating from research results on the development of learning, measurement and evaluation of education, and education management.</p>Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas PGRI Mahadewa Indonesiaen-USIndonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED)2722-3671<p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.</p>DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICS TEACHING MODULE BASED ON THE APOS MODEL INTEGRATED WITH GEOGEBRA ON QUADRATIC FUNCTION MATERIAL FOR GRADE 10 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5217
<p><em>This study aims to develop a mathematics teaching module based on the APOS model integrated with GeoGebra on the topic of quadratic functions for tenth-grade high school students. The research employed the Plomp development model consisting of five phases: preliminary investigation, design, construction, validation, and limited trial. The module was developed according to the APOS thinking stages—action, process, object, and schema—and enhanced with visual exploration using GeoGebra. Expert validation results yielded an average score of 87.85%, classified as very valid. Practicality testing resulted in scores of 92.50% from the teacher and 90.41% from students, both classified as very practical. This module facilitates interactive, conceptual, and contextual learning aligned with the principles of the Independent Curriculum. Thus, the module is considered feasible as an innovative instructional resource in high school mathematics learning.</em></p>Vera Omarisa
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61Mapping Adaptive Learning Research and Its Contribution to SDG 4
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5216
<p>This study uses bibliometric methods to explore adaptive learning over the past ten years. This study aims to understand how adaptive learning can develop based on publications indexed in academic data. This study also aims to determine the collaboration network between researchers and how to implement adaptive learning strategies. To understand its effectiveness and development, it is important to examine both the scientific collaboration network between researchers and its implementation strategies in the world of education. This study utilizes the Scopus database as a source of literature metadata, the analysis of which uses Bibliometrix software with the Biblioshiny tool. A total of 14,009 articles were identified and 141 articles met the inclusion criteria.</p>Salsabila Dwi RosyidahWida WulandariHeni Purwa Pamungkas
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61Using Youtube to Improve Procedural Knowledge in Statistical Testing
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5215
<p>Students’ mastery of procedural knowledge in statistical testing is a crucial foundation in learning Educational Statistics. However, many students struggle to understand and apply statistical analysis procedures due to instruction that remains abstract and overly theoretical. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using YouTube as an instructional platform to enhance students’ procedural knowledge in conducting statistical tests. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach, data were collected through a procedural knowledge test and a perception questionnaire. The results indicate a significant improvement in posttest scores after students engaged in YouTube-based learning (pretest=45.6, posttest=81.3, t=14.230, p=<.001), accompanied by positive responses regarding the use of YouTube as a tool for statistis learning. These findings reinforce the urgency of integrating digital media into higher education, particularly in technically oriented and application-based courses such as statistic</p>Aeng Muhidin
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61Using Youtube to Improve Procedural Knowledge in Statistical Testing
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5202
<p>Students’ mastery of procedural knowledge in statistical testing is a crucial foundation in learning Educational Statistics. However, many students struggle to understand and apply statistical analysis procedures due to instruction that remains abstract and overly theoretical. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using YouTube as an instructional platform to enhance students’ procedural knowledge in conducting statistical tests. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach, data were collected through a procedural knowledge test and a perception questionnaire. The results indicate a significant improvement in posttest scores after students engaged in YouTube-based learning (pretest=45.6, posttest=81.3, t=14.230, p=<.001), accompanied by positive responses regarding the use of YouTube as a tool for statistis learning. These findings reinforce the urgency of integrating digital media into higher education, particularly in technically oriented and application-based courses such as statistic</p>Aeng Muhidin
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61Development of mathematical literacy problems based on ethnomathematics of Acehnese culture
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5183
<p>Mathematical literacy needs serious attention since Indonesian students received low mathematics score in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Ethnomathematics-based instruction is one of the ways to promote students’ mathematical literacy. However, insufficient resources relevant to local culture impede Acehnese mathematics teachers to implement ethnomathematics in their classrooms. Therefore, this study aims to develop valid mathematical literacy problems based on ethnomathematics of Acehnese culture. This developmental study used the Thiangarajan Four-D model, consisting of define, design, development and disseminate. This study involved 41 students in a senior high school in Aceh. Data were gathered from validation and practicality questionnaires and test. Data were then analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that 18 out of 20 problems were valid. The problems were also considered practical and effective to be implemented in mathematics classrooms. The development of these problems provides a useful resource for mathematics teachers in Aceh. The study result suggests that ethnomathematics problems are beneficial to improve students’ mathematical literacy. The value of culture embedded in the mathematical problems raise students’ awareness and understanding of their local culture.</p>Suci MaulinaMuhammad IsaRahil HelmiNovia RiskiEka Safitri
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61Training on Collegial Supervision and Deep Learning-Based Instruction Using the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge) Model for Principals and Teachers in Early Childhood Education
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5160
<p>This mixed-methods action research examined the implementation of an integrated professional development program combining collegial supervision training for principals and deep learning-based instruction for teachers using the TPACK framework. Conducted across 20 early childhood Education institutions in Karangpawitan District, Garut Regency, the study involved 40 participants (20 principals and 20 teachers) over three months (June–July 2025) through a blended learning approach. The program addressed the gap between pedagogical aspirations and the practical implementation of innovative teaching in rural Early Childhood Education settings by integrating three components: enhancing teachers' TPACK competencies, improving principals' collegial supervision skills, and establishing sustainable learning communities. Data were collected using validated instruments (TPACK α = 0.94, Supervision α = 0.91, Deep Learning ICC = 0.87) through pre-post assessments, observations, and interviews. Significant improvements were found across all areas (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes: TPACK (d = 3.24), collegial supervision (d = 2.98), and deep learning implementation (136% increase). Retention evaluation showed high sustainability rates. The program successfully facilitated pedagogical transformation, demonstrating the effectiveness of a holistic TPACK–collegial supervision-deep learning model in resource-limited rural Early Childhood Education contexts in Indonesia.</p>SururiYayah RahyasihTaufani Chusnul KurniatunNugraha SuhartoHeny DjohaeniSalma NurillahAsep DikdikPrasetyo Agung DarmawanTri Shepiani YusufFani Adrian
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61Al SPEED AND STRENGTH TESTING INSTRUMENT FOR COMBINED PUNCHES AND KICKING
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5159
<p>This study aims to determine the feasibility of the "MartuKick" Punch-Kick Combination Speed and Strength Test Instrument. The method used is the Quantitative and Descriptive method. The population in this study were pencak silat athletes from the Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah Jambi School. The number of subjects in this study was 10 people for the Usage test. This study was conducted in 2 meetings, namely the first test and the second test (retest). This study was conducted at the IPSI JAMBI Pencak Silat Padepokan located at Jl. Sk. Rd. Syahbudin No. 34, Mayang Mangurai, Kec. Kota Baru, Jambi City, Jambi 36129. The study period was May 28-July 24, 2024. The results of the study showed that the level of validity of Media Experts, Test and Measurement Experts and Material Experts got the Feasible category. The level of reliability got the same results.Test Instrument, Pencak Silat Punch-Kick Combination</p>muhamar kodafi putra dafi
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61PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AJAR UNTUK MENDUKUNG KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS MAHASISWA FARMASI PADA MATERI SATUAN PENGUKURAN DAN PERNYATAAN KONSENTRASI
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5150
<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan buku ajar matematika farmasi yang dapat digunakan untuk mendukung kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis, khususnya pada materi satuan pengukuran dan pernyataan konsentrasi. Model ADDIE digunakan sebagai model pengembangan buku ajar yang mencakup tahapan <em>Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation</em> dan <em>Evaluation</em>. Hasil uji validitas oleh ahli materi dan media menunjukkan rata-rata sebesar 85,98% dalam kategori sangat valid. Sedangkan hasil uji kelayakan oleh pengguna (dosen dan mahasiswa) berada dalam kategori sangat layak sebesar 84,55%. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan buku ajar ini sudah memenuhi aspek validitas, kepraktisan dan efektif untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran, baik di jenjang diploma maupun sarjana farmasi.</p>Fitri SavitriAlifa SabrinaFarida Tuahuns
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61Development of the Padeberkinem Model For Increase Skills Paraphrasing Poetry Students in Grade VI of SDN Jatibening Baru V
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5147
<p>The problem low skills student in paraphrase poetry become base importance development of innovative and effective learning models at the school level school basic . Research This aiming For develop and test effectiveness of the Padeberkinem model ( Learning Active , Democratic , Diverse , Creative , Innovative , Effective , and Fun ), which are innovation from PAIKEM approach , in increase skills paraphrase poetry students . Research use mixed methods approach or method mixture , namely combine approach qualitative and quantitative in order to obtain deep understanding at a time proof empirical (Iskandar, Nehru, & Cicyn Riantoni , 2021). Padeberkinem model developed through ADDIE stages : Analysis , Design, Development , Implementation , and Evaluation . The resulting product covers module print , video tutorials, multimedia presentations , and interactive digital module . The model implementation was carried out in Class VI of SDN Jatibening Baru V, District Pondokgede , Bekasi City. Research results show that the Padeberkinem model effective in increase skills paraphrase poetry . Level of completion Study student reached 95.83%, with 79.17% of students is in the very good category and 20.83% in the category good . Improvement results significant learning in a way statistics obtained through t-test. Findings This indicates that the Padeberkinem model can become alternative relevant learning strategies For applied in literature learning at the elementary level base .</p>dudung abdul qodir
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61Science Learning Management Based on Information Technology in the Context of School Curriculum Implementation
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5144
<p>This study aims to describe the management of science learning based on information technology at State Junior High School 1 Bengkulu Selatan. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects of the study included science teachers, the principal, the vice principal for curriculum affairs, the vice principal for facilities and infrastructure, and students at State Junior High School 1 Bengkulu Selatan. Research data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis involved data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the management of science learning based on information technology at State Junior High School 1 Bengkulu Selatan has been implemented adaptively and gradually in response to the demands of a digitally based school curriculum. The school demonstrated a commitment to integrating information technology into the planning, implementation, and evaluation of science learning, although it still faces various challenges, including infrastructure limitations, human resource competencies, and policy support. Nevertheless, various strategies and solutions have been collaboratively implemented by the school, teachers, and external partners to build a more inclusive and contextual learning ecosystem based on information technology.</p>Rice MarianaRambat Nur SasongkoRambat Nur SasongkoConnie
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61Emotional intelligence in special needs students: Role of disability, teachers' personality, and social interaction
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5138
<p>Students with special needs often face challenges in communication, interaction, and emotional regulation; therefore, research on the emotional intelligence of students with special needs is urgently needed. This study aims to compare the influence of the type of disability, teacher personality, and student social interaction on students with special needs who are blind, deaf, and physically disabled. To achieve this goal, a quantitative approach was employed using a cross-sectional survey design. The research population was all SLB teachers working in Bali Province. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique, comprising 95 participants. Data were collected using questionnaires distributed using Google Forms. The data analysis technique used was SEM. The results of the study showed that: (1) in blind students, teacher personality and social interaction significantly influenced emotional anxiety, (2) in deaf students, teacher personality and social interaction significantly influenced emotional anxiety, (3) in physically disabled students, teacher personality and social interaction significantly influenced emotional anxiety.</p>I Wayan WidanaI Gede Ratnaya
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61Secondary in-service teachers’ perception and practice of TPACK framework in digital storytelling projects
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5135
<p>Technology advances have profoundly impacted the practice of language classrooms and remarkably encourage teachers to incorporate classroom instructions that accommodate technology, pedagogy, and content. Consequently, teachers from varied education levels have tried adjusting and incorporating technology. The aim of this research is double-fold. First, it aims to investigate how secondary in-service preparation using TPACK in students' Digital Storytelling (DST) projects. Second, it explores how they perceive TPACK as implemented in Digital Storytelling projects. Two in-service teachers participated in this study. Data were collected from teachers' self-assessment reports with 75-item TPACK questions, classroom observations, interviews, and teaching artifacts. The survey data were analyzed descriptively, while the interview and observation data and teaching artifacts were analyzed using Braun and Clark's thematic analysis (2006). This study has three findings. First, teachers believe that enacting the TPACK framework in DST projects is challenging. Teachers must refine their understanding and practice integrating technologies, pedagogies, and content into doable instructions. Secondly, to develop self-efficacy beliefs about technology integration teachers require skills updates through professional development. Thirdly, DST can promote teachers and students to enhance their cognitive and affective engagement and creativity through collaborative projects. Suggestions for future research are provided.</p>Ista Maharsi
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61Classification of Anxiety Levels in Vocational Students Through Life Story Analysis Using Multi-class SVM
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5134
<p>Anxiety is a psychological condition frequently experienced by vocational high school students due to academic pressure, practical training demands, and uncertainty about future careers. This study aims to (1) classify the anxiety levels of vocational students based on their personal narratives shared via WhatsApp conversations and (2) compare the performance of two kernel types in the Multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification model. A total of 4,257 chat entries were collected from Grade X students in Gianyar, Bali. After preprocessing, 1,476 narrative texts were selected and labeled into five anxiety levels using the DASS-42 scale: Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Very Severe. The classification model utilized TF-IDF for feature extraction and applied both Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Sigmoid kernels. The evaluation showed that the Sigmoid kernel achieved the highest accuracy (81.42%) and macro-average F1-score (0.7914), demonstrating superior performance, especially in recognizing minority classes. Furthermore, the model successfully identified 11.6% of students with Severe anxiety and 9.1% with Very Severe anxiety, suggesting its potential use in early psychological screening. These findings indicate that Multi-class SVM is effective for anxiety classification based on life story narratives and offers practical value in school-based mental health monitoring.</p>Ni Putu Dea SillviariI Made CandiasaGede Indrawan
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61The Role of Motivational Teachers in Improving the Quality of Public Junior High Schools in Padang City
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5132
<p>The problem in this study is that driving teachers contribute less to the development of non-motivational teachers. The subjects of this study are the principals of public junior high schools in Padang and driving teachers. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and document: First, teachers communicate smoothly to avoid misunderstandings. Teachers who drive become role models for those who do not. If communication between teachers who drive and those who do not is smooth, then the discussions that take place will also produce effective input. Fellow teachers will not consider each other's status when working together to improve the quality of learning. Third, Some teachers are not conducting quality learning due to incomplete learning facilities. Supporting factors include teachers receiving support from the principal and collaborating with fellow teachers to improve learning quality.</p>ulfa nabila tafrienda
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61Analysis of Childrens Self-Confidence in Transition Activities from Pre-School to Kindergarten School
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5130
<p>Self-confidence is one of the indicators of school readiness. To be able to build school readiness, teachers can carry out transition movement activities through building foundation skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-confidence of early childhood and the process of PAUD to SD transition activities carried out by teachers in learning activities. This research use is a qualitative approach with a case study research design, data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman analysis model. The results of the research show that A child's self-confidence is evident in the transition activities from preschool to elementary school through the habituation of six foundational skills. The habituation of these six foundational skills can be used to build a child's self-confidence.</p>Erni Tresna Apriyani
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61Ethnomathematics in Traditional Games and Art Activities to stimulaste Early Childhood Liteacy and Numeracy
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5122
<p>This study aims to explore the role of ethnomathematics in stimulating early childhood literacy and numeracy through traditional games and local culture-based activities. The background of this research is the low level of basic literacy and numeracy skills among early childhood learners and the importance of using contextual and meaningful learning approaches. The study was conducted at TK Nusa Indah involving 40 children in Group B. A descriptive qualitative method was applied through observations and documentation of children's activities in two main tasks: playing the traditional game "<em>dakon</em>" and creating cultural masks using geometric shapes (triangles, circles, rectangles, semicircles, and squares). The results showed that these activities improved children's understanding of numbers, shapes, and patterns, as well as language use, storytelling, and symbol recognition. Ethnomathematics proved to be an effective approach to strengthen literacy and numeracy through joyful, contextual, and culturally rooted experiences. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating local culture into early childhood learning practices.</p>Ismatul KhasanahRatna PusariIntan RahmawatiLina Putriyanti
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61EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES ON INTERACTIVE DIGITAL BOOK FOR INTEGRATING EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MITIGATION EDUCATION
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5119
<p>This research was motivated by the inadequacy of disaster mitigation education, as teachers struggle to convey abstract disaster-related concepts at the early childhood education level, despite the critical importance of such education for young children. This study aims to explore a teacher's perspectives on the concept and urgency of mitigation education, their views on the potential of an interactive digital book for disaster mitigation, and the challenges encountered during its implementation. This study employed a qualitative method with a case study design. The research subject was a teacher from Elhafa Plus Kindergarten, and data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings reveal that the teacher explicitly emphasized the importance of disaster mitigation education in kindergarten to foster disaster preparedness in children. The interactive digital book was deemed highly suitable, with a 90% potential for use in earthquake mitigation education in kindergarten. The primary challenge faced by the teacher in implementing the digital learning media was managing the children's immense enthusiasm for using the technology.</p>Winda Sulistyowati
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61Abray slot resmi
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5110
<p>slot resmi number 1 sir</p>ABRAY SITOHANG
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61Development of mathematical literacy problems based on ethnomathematics of Acehnese culture
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5108
<p>Mathematical literacy needs serious attention since Indonesian students received low mathematics score in the Program for International Student Assessment. Ethnomathematics-based instruction is one of the ways to promote students’ mathematical literacy. However, insufficient resources relevant to local culture impede Acehnese teachers to implement ethnomathematics in their classrooms. Therefore, this study aims to develop valid mathematical literacy problems based on ethnomathematics of Acehnese culture. This study used the Thiangarajan Four-D model, consisting of define, design, development and disseminate. This study involved 41 senior high students. Data were gathered from validation and practicality questionnaires and test. Data were then analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that 18 out of 20 problems were valid. The problems were also considered practical and effective to be implemented in the mathematics classroom. The development of these problems provides a useful resource for mathematics teachers in Aceh. The study result suggests that ethnomathematics problems are beneficial to improve students’ mathematical literacy. The value of culture embedded in the mathematical problems raise students’ awareness and understanding of their local culture.</p>Suci MaulinaMuhammad IsaRahil HelmiNovia RiskiEka Safitri
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61A Data Science Approach to Classifying Educational Feasibility Across Indonesia: Unsupervised Learning on 2023–2024 Primary School Data
https://ojs.mahadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijed/article/view/5107
<p>This research is intended to map the conditions and quality of education in provinces in Indonesia. This mapping process is carried out by analyzing the clustering method. Based on elementary school education published by the Indonesian Ministry of Education (Kemendibudristek) 2023-2024. Based on these data, clusters are carried out using the K-means clustering algorithm. The best clustering process was obtained for the number of clusters 3, with a DBI value of 1.02. Further analysis was also carried out based on graphical visual analysis to profile each cluster. To compare the results of the cluster analysis, the education eligibility index of each province was also calculated. The ranking of provinces is carried out based on the value of the education eligibility index. Based on the cluster results, 3 clusters with different characteristics were obtained. Cluster (0) is a cluster with provincial members with secondary education quality. This cluster has the most members, 18 provinces, and the distribution is very heterogeneous. In this cluster, there are provinces whose education quality approaches the good education cluster (cluster (2)), but there are also those that resemble the low education cluster (cluster (1)). Cluster (1) has provincial members that are associated with low education quality. This cluster has 4 provincial members. Finally, Cluster (2) consists of provinces that have good or superior education quality, totaling 17 provinces. This cluster's distribution level is not as heterogeneous as cluster 1. Differences in profiles and characteristics were found in each cluster. This shows that the government should not provide uniform treatment for all regions. Based on cluster analysis in the short term, it is not possible to standardize the same education for all regions.</p>I Gede Aris Gunadi GunadiDewi Oktofa RachmawatiI Nyoman Putu Suwindra
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